Italian Verbs Decidere Conjugations

Decidere—sharing roots with the English to decide—is an irregular second-conjugation Italian verb whose irregularity rests in an irregular passato remoto and an irregular participio passato: deciso. It falls in a group with the verb ridere (to laugh), whose past participle is riso and which shares the same quirks. Meaning to decide, to resolve to do something, or to establish something, decidere can be transitive, conjugated with the auxiliary verb  avere, followed by a  direct object. Akin to the verb scegliere, which means to choose or pick something, decidere can be used in a similar manner—for example, Ho deciso il nome del cane; I decided the dogs name. Most often, though, decidere is—much like in English—used to decide on something or about something: decidere se, decidere che (followed by a conjugated verb), and decidere di (followed by a verb in the infinitive). The object is still direct, often in the form of a subordinata oggettiva (a subordinate clause that serves as an object). The verb still answers the question What? and it still uses avere (and there is a direct subject-object relationship). Abbiamo deciso di prendere il treno delle 20.00. We decided to take the train at 8 p.m.Dobbiamo decidere se andiamo o no. We need to decide if we are going or not.Luca ha deciso che vuole vedere un film. Luca decided he wants to see a movie. The verb has an indirect object and is intransitive (though still with avere) if it is separated by a preposition. For example, Ho deciso sul vestito. I decided on the dress. Decidersi Also common is the intransitive reflexive/pronominal decidersi, which is a bit closer to the English to make up ones mind. It reflects more the concept of coming to the end of an internal process, and it is conjugated, therefore, with essere and reflexive pronouns. Remember the differences in choosing your auxiliary. Decidersi is most often followed by the preposition a: Mi voglio decidere a prendere un cane. I want to resolve to get a dog.Luigi e Carlo si sono decisi a fare un viaggio. Luigi and Carlo decided to take a trip.Nel 1945 i nonni si decisero finalmente a vendere la casa. In 1945 my grandparents resolved finally to sell their house. Note: Ho deciso di fare questo passo, but, Mi sono decisa a fare questo passo. I decided to take this step. Both decidere and decidersi can be used with no stated object: Il fato decide. Fate decides.Non so decidermi. I cant make up my mind.Mentre si decideva, luomo fumà ² una sigaretta. While making up his mind, the man smoked a cigarette. In speaking, decidersi is used as frequently as decidere and interchangeably, best suited to some tenses and constructions; hence, the conjugation table below includes both. Indicativo Presente: Present Indicative A regular presente. Io decido/mi decido Oggi decido il colore del bagno. Today I decide/will decide/am deciding the color of the bathroom. Tu decidi/ti decidi Ti decidi a sposarti? Will you make up your mind to marry? Lui, lei, Lei decide/si decide Oggi Carla decide di partire. Today Carla decides/is deciding to leave. Noi decidiamo/ci decidiamo Noi decidiamo cosa fare. We decide/are deciding what to do. Voi decidete/vi decidete Voi decidete se volete uscire. You decide if you want to go out. Loro, Loro decidono/si decidono Lo sento: questa settimana si decidono a comprare casa. I feel it: This week they are resolving to buy a house. Indicativo Passato Prossimo: Present Perfect Indicative A compound tense, the passato prossimo is made of the present of the auxiliary and the participio, deciso. Io ho deciso/mi sono deciso/a Oggi ho deciso il colore del bagno. Today I decided the color of the bathroom. Tu hai deciso/ti sei deciso/a Ti sei decisa a sposarti? Did you decide/have you decided to get married? Lui, lei, Lei ha deciso/si à ¨ deciso/a Carla ha deciso di partire. Carla decided/has decided to leave. Noi abbiamo deciso/ci siamo decisi/e Abbiamo deciso cosa fare. We have decided what to do. Voi avete deciso/vi siete decisi/e Voi avete deciso se volete uscire? Have you decided if you want to go out? Loro, Loro hanno deciso/si sono decisi/e Loro si sono decisi a comprare la casa. They made up their minds to buy the house. Indicativo Imperfetto: Imperfect Indicative A regular imperfetto in -ere. Io decidevo/mi decidevo Quando dipingevo, decidevo tutti i colori prima di cominciare. When I painted, I always decided all the colors before starting. Tu decidevi/ti decidevi Da ragazza non ti decidevi mai a sposarti. As a young woman, you would never make up your mind to marry. Lui, lei, Lei decideva/si decideva In estate Carla non si decideva mai a partire. In summer Carla would never resolve to leave. Noi decidevamo/ci decidevamo A casa nostra decidevamo sempre noi bambini cosa fare la domenica. In our house we children always decided what to do on Sundays. Voi decidevate/vi decidevate Mentre voi decidevate se volevate uscire, noi siamo uscite. While you were deciding if you wanted to go out, we went out. Loro, Loro decidevano/si decidevano Appena impiegati, non si decidevano mai a comprare casa. When they were just employed, they would never make up their minds to buy a house. Indicativo Passato Remoto: Remote Past Indicative An irregular passato remoto. Io decisi/mi decisi Quella volta decisi i colori con te. That time I decided the colors with you. Tu decidesti/ti decidesti Nel 1975 finalmente ti decidesti a sposarlo. In 1975 you finally made up your mind to marry him. Lui, lei, Lei decise/si decise Quella mattina Carla decise di partire presto. That morning Carla decided to leave early. Noi decidemmo/ci decidemmo Quando decidemmo cosa fare, prendemmo il cavallo e partimmo. When we decided what to do, we took the horse and we left. Voi decideste/vi decideste Finalmente quella sera vi decideste a uscire. Finally that evening you made up your minds to go out. Loro, Loro decisero/si decisero L'anno che si decisero a comprare casa, traslocarono. The year they resolved to buy the house, they moved. Indicativo Trapassato Prossimo: Past Perfect Indicative The trapassato prossimo is a compound tense with the imperfetto of the auxiliary and the participio, deciso. Note the variations. Io avevo deciso, mi ero deciso/a Avevo deciso i colori ma non gli piacevano. I had decided the colors, but he didn't like them. Tu avevi deciso/ti eri deciso/a Ti eri decisa a sposarti; perchà © hai cambiato idea? You had made up your mind to marry; why did you change your mind? Lui, lei, Lei aveva deciso/si era deciso/a Carla aveva deciso di partire, ma perse il treno. Carla had decided to leave, but she missed the train. Noi avevamo deciso/ci eravamo decisi/e Non avevamo ancora deciso cosa fare quando Luca ci telefonà ². We had not yet decided what to do when Luca called. Voi avevate deciso/vi eravate decisi/e Avevate deciso se volevate uscire? Had you decided if you wanted to go out? Loro, Loro avevano deciso/si erano decisi/e Siccome che si erano decisi a comprare casa, avevano messo via i soldi. Since they had resolved to buy a house, they had put the money away. Indicativo Trapassato Remoto: Preterite Perfect Indicative The trapassato remoto is a good storytelling tense from the remote past, used with the passato remoto of the auxiliary and in constructions with the passato remoto. Io ebbi deciso/fui deciso/a Quando ebbi deciso i colori, tua nonna e io li andammo a comprare. When I decided the colors, your Grandma and I went to buy them. Tu avesti deciso/fosti deciso/a Dopo che ti decidesti a sposarlo, comprasti il vestito. After you made up your mind to marry him, you went to buy the dress. Lui, lei, Lei ebbe deciso/fu deciso/a Appena ebbe deciso di partire, la vennero a prendere. As soon as she decided to leave, they came to get her. Noi avemmo deciso/ci fummo decisi/e Quando avemmo deciso cosa fare, prendemmo il cavallo e partimmo. When we had decided what to do, we took the horse and we left. Voi aveste deciso/vi foste decisi/e Appena vi decideste a uscire la polizia vi arrestà ². As soon as you resolved to come out, the police arrested you. Loro, Loro ebbero deciso/si furono decisi/e Dopo che si furono decisi a comprare casa andarono a parlare col banchiere. After they had resolved to buy the house, they went to talk with the banker. Indicativo Futuro Semplice: Simple Future Indicative A regular futuro. Io deciderà ²/mi deciderà ² Domani deciderà ² il colore del bagno. Tomorrow I will decide the color of the bathroom. Tu deciderai/ti deciderai Ti deciderai mai a sposarti? Will you ever make up your mind to marry? Lui, lei, Lei deciderà  /si deciderà   Carla deciderà   di partire quando sarà   pronta. Carla will decide to leave when she is ready. Noi decideremo/ci decideremo Prima o poi decideremo cosa fare. Sooner or later we will decide what to do. Voi deciderete/vi deciderete Vi deciderete se volete uscire quando vorrete. You will decide if you want to go out when you are ready. Loro, Loro decideranno/si decideranno Loro si decideranno a comprare la casa quando saranno pronti. They will make up their minds to buy a house when they are ready. Indicativo Futuro Anteriore: Future Perfect Indicative The futuro anteriore is made of the simple future of the auxiliary and the participio passato, deciso. Io avrà ² deciso/mi sarà ² deciso/a Quando avrà ² deciso i colori te lo dirà ². When I will have decided the colors I will let you know. Tu avrai deciso/ti sarai deciso/a Quando ti sarai decisa a sposarti, fammelo sapere. When you will have made up your mind to marry, let me know. Lui, lei, Lei avrà   deciso/si sarà   deciso/a Carla partirà   quando si sarà   decisa. Carla will leave when she will have decided to. Noi avremo deciso/ci saremo decisi/e Quando avremo deciso cosa fare, te lo diremo. When we will have decided what to do, we will let you know. Voi avrete deciso/vi sarete decisi/e Uscirete quando vi sarete decisi. You will go out when you will have decided to. Loro, Loro avranno deciso/si saranno decisi/e Quando si decideranno a comprare la casa, daremo loro i soldi. When they will have resolved to buy a house, we will give them the money. Congiuntivo Presente: Present Subjunctive A regular congiuntivo presente. Remember that the Italian subjunctive does not necessary translate to subjunctive constructions in English, as is very evident from this verb. Che io decida/mi decida Mio marito aspetta che io decida i colori. My husband is waiting for me to decide the colors. Che tu decida/ti decida Spero che tu ti decida a sposarti. I hope you decide to marry. Che lui, lei, Lei decida/si decida Non voglio che Carla decida di partire. I don't want Carla to decide to leave. Che noi decidiamo/ci decidiamo Aspetto, basta che decidiamo cosa fare. I'll wait, as long as we decide what to do. Che voi decidiate/vi decidiate Spero che vi decidiate presto se uscite. I hope you decide soon if you are going out. Che loro, Loro decidano/si decidano Non credo che si decidano a comprare la casa. I don't think they will decide to buy a house. Congiuntivo Imperfetto: Imperfect Subjunctive A regular imperfetto congiuntivo. A tense of contemporaneity in the world of wishing. Che io decidessi/mi decidessi Mio marito vorrebbe che decidessi i colori. My husband wishes that I decide the colors. Che tu decidessi/ti decidessi Desideravo che tu ti decidessi a sposarti. I wished that you had made up your mind to marry. Che lui, lei, Lei decidesse/si decidesse Avrei sperato che Carla si decidesse a partire. I would have hoped that Carla had decided to leave. Che noi decidessimo/ci decidessimo Volevo che decidessimo cosa fare. I wanted us to have decided what to do. Che voi decideste/vi decideste Speravo che vi decideste a uscire. I hoped that you would made up your mind to go out. Che loro, Loro decidessero/si decidessero Vorrei che si decidessero a comprare casa. I wish they would make up their minds to buy the house. Congiuntivo Passato: Present Perfect Subjunctive A compound tense, the congiuntivo passato is made of the present subjunctive of the auxiliary and the participio passato. Che io abbia deciso/mi sia deciso/a Mio marito spera che io abbia deciso i colori. My husband hopes that I have decided the colors. Che tu abbia deciso/ti sia deciso/a Spero che tu ti sia decisa a sposarti. I hope that you have resolved to marry. Che lui, lei, Lei abbia deciso/si sia deciso/a Spero che Carla non abbia deciso di partire. I hope that Carla has not decided to leave. Che noi abbiamo deciso/ci siamo decisi/e Credo che abbiamo deciso cosa fare. I believe we have decided what to do. Che voi abbiate deciso/vi siate decisi/e Spero che vi siate decisi a uscire. I hope you have decided to go out. Che loro, Loro abbiano deciso/si siano decisi/e Nonostante si siano decisi a comprare la casa, ancora non l'hanno comprata. Though they have made up their minds to buy a house, they still have not bought it. Congiuntivo Trapassato: Past Perfect Subjunctive The other compound subjunctive, the congiuntivo trapassato is made of the imperfetto of the auxiliary and the participio passato. Note the variety of tenses in the main clause. Che io avessi deciso/mi fossi deciso/a Mio marito non pensava che avessi deciso i colori. My husband didn't think I had decided the colors. Che tu avessi deciso/ti fossi deciso/a Non avevo creduto che tu ti fossi decisa a sposarti. I had not believed that you had made up your mind to marry. Che lui, lei, Lei avesse deciso/si fosse deciso/a Avrei voluto che Carla non avesse deciso di partire. I wished that Carla had not decided to leave. Che noi avessimo deciso/ci fossimo decisi/e Pensavo che avessimo deciso cosa fare. I thought that we had decided what to do. Che voi aveste deciso/vi foste decisi/e Volevo che vi foste decisi di uscire. I wanted you to have decided to go out. Che loro, Loro avessero deciso/si fossero decisi/e Avrei sperato che si fossero decisi di comprare la casa. I had hoped that they had resolved to buy the house. Condizionale Presente: Present Conditional A regular condizionale presente. Io deciderei/mi deciderei Io deciderei i colori se mi lasciasse in pace. I would decide the colors if he would leave me in peace. Tu decideresti/ti decideresti Tu ti decideresti a sposarti se ne avessi voglia. You would make up your mind to marry if you felt like it. Lui, lei, Lei deciderebbe/si deciderebbe Carla deciderebbe di partire se avesse i soldi. Carla would decide to leave if she had the money. Noi decideremmo/ci decideremmo Noi decideremmo cosa fare se fossimo pià ¹ decisi. We would decide what to do if we were more resolute. Voi decidereste/vi decidereste Voi decidereste di uscire se facesse meno freddo. You would decide to go out if it were less cold. Loro, Loro deciderebbero/di deciderebbero Loro si deciderebbero a comprare casa se ne trovassero una che gli piace. They would resolve to buy a house if they saw one they liked. Condizionale Passato: Perfect Conditional The condizionale passato is made of the present conditional of the auxiliary and the participio passato. Io avrei deciso/mi sarei deciso/a Avrei deciso i colori se mi fossero piaciuti. I would have decided the colors if I had liked any of them. Tu avresti deciso/ti saresti deciso/a Ti saresti decisa a sposarti se lo avessi amato. You would have resolved to marry him if you had loved him. Lui, lei, Lei avrebbe deciso/si sarebbe deciso/a Carla avrebbe deciso di partire se avesse voluto. Carla would have decided to leave if she had wanted to. Noi avremmo deciso/ci saremmo decisi/e Prima o poi avremmo deciso cosa fare. Sooner or later we would have decided what to do. Voi avreste deciso/vi sareste decisi/e Voi avreste deciso di uscire se avesse fatto meno freddo. You would have decided to go out had it been less cold. Loro, Loro avrebbero deciso/si sarebbero decisi/e Loro si sarebbero decisi a comprare casa se ne avessero vista una che gli piaceva. They would have decided to buy a house had they seen one they liked. Imperativo: Imperative The imperativo is a good tense for the verb decidere. Make up your mind! Tu decidi, deciditi Decidi cosa mangiare! Decide what you want to eat! Noi decidiamo, decidiamoci Decidiamoci, su. C'mon, let's make a decision. Voi decidete, decidetevi 1. Decidete se volete andare. 2. Decidetevi! 1. Decide if you want to go. 2. Make up your mind! Loro decidano, si decidano Che decidano! Che si decidano! May they decide! May they make up their minds! Infinito Presente Passato: Present Past Infinitive The infinito  is used often with servile or helping verbs: Devo decidere! I must decide! Decidere Trovo difficile decidere dove voglio vivere. I find it hard to decide where I want to live. Decidersi 1. Ci mise un giorno per decidersi. 2. Non riesco a decidermi. 3. Decidersi à ¨ difficile cosà ¬. 1. He took a day to make up his mind. 2. I can't make up my mind. 3. It is hard to make up one's mind like this. Aver deciso Dopo aver deciso di partire, Paolo à ¨ tornato. After having decided to leave, Paolo came back. Essersi deciso/a/i/e Dopo essersi deciso a partire, Paolo à ¨ tornato. After having made up his mind to leave, Paolo came back. Participio Presente Passato: Present Past Participle In addition to the regular function as auxiliary, the participio passato deciso  can serve as a noun or more often, in this case, as an adjective, meaning resolved or determined. Decidente (never used) Deciso/a/i/e 1. Non à ¨ deciso. 2. Non à ¨ stato deciso. 3. Siamo persone decise. 1. It is not decided. 2. It has not been decided. 3. We are determined people. Gerund Present Past: Present Past Gerund Decidendo Decidendo di fare un vestito, Giovanna va a comprare la stoffa. Deciding to make the dress, Giovanna goes to buy the fabric. Decidendosi Decidendosi finalmente a fare il vestito per la festa, Giovanna compra una stoffa rossa. Finally resolving to make the dress for the party, Giovanna buys a red fabric. Avendo deciso Avendo deciso di fare il vestito, Giovanna va a comprare la stoffa. Having decided to make the dress, Giovanna goes to buy the fabric. Essendosi deciso/a/i/e Essendosi decisa, Giovanna à ¨ andata a comprare la stoffa. Having made up her mind, Giovanna went to buy the fabric.

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The most important part of Obama’s policy is make investment in health information technology, this strategy nor only improve the health care quality, also reduce the cost in long run society. He provides a competitive insurance market to promote more efficient and more competition. Promoting prevention and strengthening public health. In previous health care plan, less than one in twenty five goes for prevention. Obama’s notion of the health care plan is â€Å"to create the conditions and opportunities that allow and encourage Americans to adopt healthy lifestyles. † Prevention is the national priority, providing opportunities to have healthy lifestyle and keep disease away. .. For example, have more primary care provider and disease prevention program, established National Prevention, Health Promotion†¦ these federal agencies would help to build good promotion and prevention for the country. The government provides special funds for promotion and prevention; this would improve the quality of health care, improve the public health strategy and develop the new technology; provide new prevention technology information and regular screening for people†¦government provide such services to prevent disease by healthy lifestyle. The reform not only affects the health care, but also the economy. The most important impact on industry is the insurance industry. As the demand and for insurance increase because the regulation on employers, also the supply decrease the price is low due to the regulation, this would decrease the cost of health insurance. Recent years, insurance industry is overhead, by this health care reform, it reduces the overhead status and reduces the competition in this industry. Obama’s plan regulate the insurance industry by providing new purchasing pools, standards the health care package, reducing expenses, promoting competition†¦without the reform, government spending on Medicare and Medicaid is unsustainable, also raising during years, by this, the family save a lot. The reform has regulation on employers should provide health insurance to the employees. Also to some small business, the government provide special subsidy fund to help them build the health care plan†¦ Obama’s plan tries to overhaul the previous health care system. He stands as the patient, the health care provider, employers, employees, government†¦ attempt to change aspect from different person’s opinion. This reform changes the current health care system and affects the economy, to build a universal health care system. It has variety advantages, but also it has some problems. Like government require employees to provide employers health insurance if they don’t have. To employers, this is not good news, basically, this increase their cost of hiring employers, and means that they should hire less people by the same amount spending. Also American is a democratic state; people have their own right to choose what they want. Obama’s opinion is build the universal health care system, but realization way is force all people to buy health insurance, people lost their right; at the same time, they should provide personal information to the insurance company, including their habits. The most important is government power expansion to the health insurance; Americans lost their own medical decision, the decision power transfers to the government. Also there’s problem whether the cost containment strategies going to support this universal health cares system in long run†¦ Now it’s hard to say the future of this health care reform, weather is good to public, or have some problem, time would tell us the truth. According to the short term, the reform is good for Americans and the economics also good for the people who cannot afford the insurance. It has positive impact on the society, become one of a big jump in the history. Citation: 1. http://www. calpoly. edu/~efisher/Econ%20464/NicoleWallen%20Senior%20Project. pdf 2. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Health_care_reform_in_the_United_States 3. http://healthpolicyandmarket. blogspot. com/2008/03/detailed-analysis-of-barack-obamas. html 4. http://www. bing. com/images/search? q=health+care+obama+planFORM=BIFD How to cite Obama’s Health Care Reform, Papers

Goals And Dreams Essay Example For Students

Goals And Dreams Essay DreamsTheories attempting to explain the origin and functions of REM sleepinclude: (1) that REM sleep provides stimulation for the development of thebrain; (2) that it performs a chemical restoration function, since during REMdreaming neuro-protein synthesis occurs along with the restoration of otherdepleted brain chemicals; (3) that it provides oculomotor (eye movement)coordination, since during non-REM sleep the eyes move independently of eachother; (4) that it provides a vigilance function, since REM sleep (stage I) ischaracterized by a level of consciousness close to the awakened state; (5) in amore recent and controversial theory, REM dreaming performs a neurologicalerasure function, eliminating extraneous information build-up in the memorysystem; and (6) that, in a more cognitive psychological explanation, REMdreaming enhances memory storage and reorganization. Contrary to popular belief, dreaming is not caused by eating certainfoods before bedtime, nor by environmental stimuli during sleeping. Dreaming iscaused by internal biological process. Some researchers have proposed theactivation-synthesis hypothesis. Their neurological research indicates thatlarge brain cells in the primitive brain stem spontaneously fire about every 90minutes, sending random stimuli to cortical areas of the BRAIN. As aconsequence, memory, sensory, muscle-control, and cognitive areas of the brainare randomly stimulated, resulting in the higher cortical brain attempting tomake some sense of it. This, according to the research, gives rise to theexperience of a dream. Now, as in the past, the most significant controversycenters on the question of whether dreams have intentional, or actual personal,meaning. Many psychotherapists maintain that while the neurological impulsesfrom the brain stem may activate the dreaming process, the content or meaningfulrepresentations i n dreams are caused by nonconscious needs, wishes, desires, andeveryday concerns of the dreamer. Thus, such psychotherapists subscribe to thephenomenological-clinical, or top-down, explanation, which holds that dreamsare intentionally meaningful messages from the unconscious. The neurological,or bottom-up, explanation maintains that dreams have no intentional meaning. In between these two positions is an approach called content analysis. Contentanalysis simply describes and classifies the various representations in dreams,such as people, houses, cars, trees, animals, and color, though no deepinterpretation is attributed to the content. Differences in content have beendiscovered between the dreams of males and females, and between dreams andoccurring in different developmental stages of life. What these differencesmean is under investigation. Some recent research seems to indicate that dream content reflectsproblems that the dreamer experiences in life, and that the function of suchdreams is to facilitate the emotional resolution of the problems. Numerousaccounts exist of scientific problems being resolved, and literary works beingdeveloped in dreams after dreamers had consciously immersed themselves in aproblem for an extended time. Cognitive psychologists are concerned with logic and thought processingduring dreaming, and how they are different from mental processes during thewaking state. In studies of the developmental cognitive processes of childrensdreams, for instance, it has been found that the increasing complexity ofchildrens dreams parallel waking cognitive development. Many researchersbelieve that knowledge about dreaming is important for understanding wakingimagination. Current and future research issues involve further establishing andextending all of the above areas. Anthropologists are studying cross-culturesimilarities and differences in dreams. Research into NIGHTMARES and bizarredreams continues. In addition, REM research is important for understandingpsychobiological abnormalities. Some findings indicate that epileptic seizuresare suppressed during REM sleep. Narcoleptics, people who may involuntarily fallasleep at any time, enter REM sleep almost immediately. Research continues onthe variations in dream recall. For instance, artists tend to recall moredreams than scientists, and, for the population at large, only a smallpercentage of dreams are recalled. Lucid dreaming, the ability of dreamers tobecome aware of and to control their dreams while dreaming, is also the focus ofsome current research. Some lucid dreamers can learn to communicate withresearchers through nonverbal signals. New research also promises to yieldsignificant knowledge ab out memory, storage and retrieval, cognitiveorganization, psychobiological processes, human consciousness, and specificoperations of the mind Science

Stevie Smith And Marriage Essays - Stevie Smith, X, Stevie

Stevie Smith And Marriage Stevie and Marriage: Preface Florence Stevie Smith grew up in unstable family conditions. Her family was falling apart, and she observed every moment with hushed censure. These repressed feelings can be seen in her poetry. Her unfortunate childhood experiences attribute to a mistrustful, cynical tone in her poem Marriage I Think. For sources I have consulted three separate levels of libraries. At the high school library I found a series called Critical Survey Of Poetry that has been most helpful in providing background information on Smith, as well as critical reviews of some of her poems. The Shippensburg Public Library as well as the Bosler Library has provided a collection of Smiths later poems (of which I chose my focus poem) called Me Again, as well as The Norton Anthology Of Literature By Women that has helped with finding out about Smiths childhood and other biographical information. The Dickinson College Library has been most helpful. There I checked out Stevie Smith, In Search of Stevie Smith, and Stevie, all of which contain vast amounts of research into her childhood and younger years as related to her later poems, thus providing a wealth of both criticism and biographical information. I have also consulted numerous websites to look for her poems and other information, but with very little success. I have two main sections to my paper, excluding my introduction and conclusion. The first section contains information about Smiths view of the institution of marriage. This section provides evidence from the focus poem, Smiths friends, as well as her own life. The second section of my paper contains information regarding the way in which she saw men or interacted with them as a result of her childhood. It has evidence from her further literary works, her own life, as well as interviews with friends. Stevie and Marriage Florence Stevie Smith grew up in unstable family conditions. Her family was falling apart, and she observed every moment with hushed censure. These repressed feelings can be seen in her poetry. Her unfortunate childhood experiences attribute to a mistrustful, cynical tone in her poem Marriage I Think. Smiths poem Marriage I Think contains many references to her belief that the bond of marriage between a man and a woman is fraudulent, particularly for the woman. Her poem reads, Marriage I think For women Is the best of opiates It kills the thoughts That think about the thoughts, It is the best of opiates. (lines 1-6) By comparing marriage (for women) to a mind-numbing narcotic, Smith clearly uses a pessimistic tone. She contends that the marital bond, contrary to popular belief, hurts women on the inside. In 1906 4-year-old Smith, her ill mother Ethel, sister Molly, and aunt Margaret are deserted by her father Charles, the main support of the family. Charles grows bored with the marriage, and abruptly sets out on his childhood dream of becoming a naval officer (Sternlicht 4). At this point, Smiths family of four women, including two children and a sick mother, are left to fend for themselves, with the care of Smiths aunt. In another one of Smiths poems entitled Papa Love Baby, she writes that she wished mama hadnt made such a foolish marriage./it showed in my eyes unfortunately/And a fortnight later papa ran away to sea (Barbera and McBrien 9). As she grows up in a predominantly feminine household, Smith dwells on her fathers family desertion. She jokes that for many, marriage is a chance clutch upon a hen-coop in mid-Atlantic (Barbera and McBrien 65). The evidence in the poems points to feelings of loneliness and abandonment. Smith also wrote in her poem Every Lovely Limbs a Desolation about women who are caught up in dead-end relationships fretting over loneliness (Magill 3075). The evidence from Marriage I Think shows that later in her life, she focused on the abandonment of her mother in a supposedly sacred marriage. Smith grew up in an England where women were to support and submit to the furthering of men, but broke out of that trap, not with a powerful rebellious thrust of a sword, but subversively, with the stealth of oil (Stevie Smith 16). In her maturity, Smith maintained a calm, passive exterior. Inwardly she laughed, cried, seethed, suffered, and defended self (Sternlicht 24).

Battle of the Coral Sea in World War II

Battle of the Coral Sea in World War II The Battle of the Coral Sea was fought May 4-8, 1942, during World War II (1939-1945) as the Allies sought to halt the Japanese capture of New Guinea. During the opening months of World War in the Pacific, the Japanese won a string of stunning victories which saw them capture Singapore, defeat an Allied fleet in the Java Sea, and force American and Filipino troops on the Bataan Peninsula to surrender. Pushing south through the Dutch East Indies, the Imperial Japanese Naval General Staff had initially desired to mount an invasion of northern Australia to prevent that country from being used as base. This plan was vetoed by the Imperial Japanese Army which lacked the manpower and shipping capability to sustain such an operation. To secure the Japanese southern flank, Vice Admiral Shigeyoshi Inoue, commander of the Fourth Fleet, advocated for taking all of New Guinea and occupying the Solomon Islands. This would eliminate the last Allied base between Japan and Australia as well as would provide a security perimeter around Japans recent conquests in the Dutch East Indies. This plan was approved as it would also bring northern Australia within range of Japanese bombers and would offer jumping off points for operations against Fiji, Samoa, and New Caledonia. The fall of these islands would effectively sever Australias lines of communication with the United States. Japanese Plans Dubbed Operation Mo, the Japanese plan called for three Japanese fleets sortie from Rabaul in April 1942. The first, led by Rear Admiral Kiyohide Shima, was tasked with taking Tulagi in the Solomons and establishing a seaplane base on the island. The next, commanded by Rear Admiral Koso Abe, consisted of the invasion force that would strike the main Allied base on New Guinea, Port Moresby. These invasion forces were screened by Vice Admiral Takeo Takagis covering force centered around the carriers Shokaku and Zuikaku and the light carrier Shoho. Arriving at Tulagi on May 3, Japanese forces quickly occupied the island and set up a seaplane base. Allied Response Throughout the spring of 1942, the Allies remained informed about Operation Mo and Japanese intentions through radio intercepts. This largely occurred as a result of American cryptographers breaking the Japanese JN-25B code. Analysis of the Japanese messages led the Allied leadership to conclude that a major Japanese offensive would occur in the Southwest Pacific during the early weeks of May and that Port Moresby was the likely target. Responding to this threat, Admiral Chester Nimitz, Commander-in-Chief of the US Pacific Fleet, ordered all four of his carrier groups to the area. These included Task Forces 17 and 11, centered on the carriers USS Yorktown  (CV-5)  and USS Lexington  (CV-2) respectively, which were already in the South Pacific. Vice Admiral William F. Halseys Task Force 16, with the carriers USS Enterprise (CV-6) and USS Hornet (CV-8), which had just returned to Pearl Harbor from the Doolittle Raid, was also ordered south but would not arrive in time for the battle. Fleets Commanders Allies Rear Admiral Frank J. Fletcher2 carriers, 9 cruisers, 13 destroyers Japanese Vice Admiral Takeo TakagiVice Admiral Shigeyoshi Inoue2 carriers, 1 light carrier, 9 cruisers, 15 destroyers Fighting Begins Led by Rear Admiral Frank J. Fletcher, Yorktown and TF17 raced to the area and launched three strikes against Tulagi on May 4, 1942. Hitting the island hard, they badly damaged the seaplane base and eliminated its reconnaissance capabilities for the coming battle. In addition, Yorktowns aircraft sank a destroyer and five merchant ships. Steaming south, Yorktown joined Lexington later that day. Two days later, land-based B-17s from Australia spotted and attacked the Port Moresby invasion fleet. Bombing from high-altitude, they failed to score any hits. Throughout the day both carrier groups searched for each other with no luck as cloudy skies limited visibility. With night setting in, Fletcher made the difficult decision to detach his main surface force of three cruisers and their escorts. Designated Task Force 44, under the command of Rear Admiral John Crace, Fletcher ordered them to block the probable course of the Port Moresby invasion fleet. Sailing without air cover, Craces ships would be vulnerable to Japanese air strikes. The next day, both carrier groups resumed their searches. Scratch One Flattop While neither found the others main body, they did locate secondary units. This saw Japanese aircraft attack  and sink the destroyer USS Sims as well as cripple the oiler USS Neosho. American aircraft were luckier as they located Shoho.   Caught with most of its aircraft group below decks, the carrier was lightly defended against the combined air groups of the two American carriers. Led by Commander William B. Ault,  Lexingtons aircraft opened the attack shortly after 11:00 AM and scored hits with two bombs and five torpedoes. Burning and nearly stationary,  Shoho  was finished off by  Yorktowns aircraft. The sinking of Shoho led Lieutenant Commander Robert E. Dixon of Lexington  to radio the famous phrase  scratch one flattop.   On May 8, scout planes from each fleet found the enemy around 8:20 AM. As a result, strikes were launched by both sides between 9:15 AM and 9:25 AM. Arriving over Takagis force,  Yorktowns aircraft, led by Lieutenant Commander William O. Burch,  began attacking Shokaku  at 10:57 AM. Hidden in a nearby squall,  Zuikaku  escaped their attention. Hitting Shokaku  with two 1,000 lb. bombs, Burchs men caused severe damage before departing. Reaching the area at 11:30 AM,  Lexingtons planes landed another bomb hit on the crippled carrier. Unable to conduct combat operations, Captain  Takatsugu Jojima  received permission to withdraw his ship from the area.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Japanese Strike Back While the US pilots were having success, Japanese aircraft were approaching the American carriers.   These were detected by  Lexingtons CXAM-1 radar and F4F Wildcat fighters were directed to intercept.   While some of the enemy aircraft were downed, several commenced runs  on  Yorktown  and  Lexington shortly after 11:00 AM.   Japanese torpedo attacks on the former failed, while the latter sustained two hits by Type 91 torpedoes.   These assaults were followed by dive bombing attacks which scored a hit on  Yorktown  and two on  Lexington.  Damage crews raced to save Lexington and succeeded in restoring the the carrier to operational condition.    As these efforts were concluding, sparks from an electric motor ignited a fire which led to a series of fuel-related explosions. In a short time, the resulting fires became uncontrollable. With the crew unable to extinguish the flames, Captain Frederick C. Sherman ordered Lexington  abandoned. After the crew was evacuated, the destroyer USS  Phelps  fired five torpedoes into the burning carrier to prevent its capture. Blocked in their advance and with Craces force in place, the overall Japanese commander, Vice Admiral Shigeyoshi Inoue, ordered the invasion force to return to port. Aftermath A strategic victory, the Battle of the Coral Sea cost Fletcher the carrier Lexington, as well as the destroyer Sims and the oiler Neosho. Total killed for the Allied forces was 543. For the Japanese, the battle losses included Shoho, one destroyer, and 1,074 killed. In addition, Shokaku was badly damaged and Zuikakus air group greatly reduced. As a result, both would miss the Battle of Midway in early June. While Yorktown was damaged, it was quickly repaired at Pearl Harbor and raced back to sea to aid defeating the Japanese.

Critically assess, compare and contrast the RANDOM NETWORK and the Essay

Critically assess, compare and contrast the RANDOM NETWORK and the SCALE-FREE network proposed by Barabasi and Albert. With the - Essay Example An examination of the vulnerability of scale-free networks is also discussed in this paper, and the effect of power law distribution on the network topology is analyzed. The removal of nodes in these network models and the effects of such removal are discussed. The contrast between Scale-free networks and random networks in the area of resisting failures is analyzed, as it has been suggested that the strongly connected nodes are responsible for the failure of scale-free networks. This paper also includes some theoretical syntheses, the proposal of new and exploratory conceptual models, theoretically grounded discussions of methodology, the analysis of historical developments with clear implications for current and future theory, theoretically relevant discussions of timely and important network issues, and comprehensive literature reviews with strong theoretical implications. INTRODUCTION In recent history, evolving networks have been seen as a relevant and very popular area of resea rch among physicists. Reka Albert and Albert-Laszlo Barabasi introduced a concept of evolving networks that is based on preferential attachment, in order to understand the areas from which the ubiquity of scale-free distributions in real networks originates. Reka Albert and Albert-Laszlo Barabasi studied a highly connected network model which was later called the scale-free network. â€Å"Networks have become a general tool for describing the structure of interaction or dependencies in such disparate systems as cell metabolism, the internet, and society.† (Barabasi A-L, Albert R 2002) With scale free networks, even in very large networks, nodes can be selected arbitrarily and connected through other nodes which serve as the intermediary nodes. â€Å"There are features that the scale-free network contains that are lacking in the random network. In a scale free network, a small number of nodes contribute heavily to connectivity. These nodes are called hubs. In a random network , each node contributes approximately the same to the overall connectivity of the network.†(Barabasi, Albert-Laszlo 2002) In a scale-free network, the network is self-similar, in that different parts of the network are statistically similar throughout the entire network. This self similarity is a major feature of fractals. â€Å"The term "scale-free" was first coined by physicist Albert-Laszlo Barabasi and his colleagues at the University of Notre Dame in Indiana. In 1998, they mapped the connectedness of the World Wide Web and found, to their surprise, that the web did not have an even distribution of connectivity (so-called "random connectivity"). Instead, a very few network nodes (also referred to as hubs) were far more connected than other nodes. In general, they found that the probability P (k) that a node in the network connects with k other nodes was, in a given network, proportional to k. They named this kind of network connectivity "scale-free". They also argued that there is a simple explanation for this behavior. Many networks expand through the addition of nodes to an existing network, and those nodes attach preferentially to nodes already well-connected. When this is the case, a scale-free network naturally arises.† (Watts, D.W 2003) Although a scale-free netw

Intellectual Property Law assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Intellectual Property Law assignment - Essay Example A copyrights issue, with regards to ownership and authorship of a book and photographs arises. Who between Burchill, the book author and Justin Timbersnake, the subject of the book, owns the copyright to the book and the photographs? Does Burchill own the rights to the photos of Justin Timberlake she took in the pretence of her personal use and do such rights allow her to publicly distribute the photos in question? As noted, this is purely a question of copyright law; most importantly, The Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988 and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003, No. 2498. In particular, this case is about copyright laws because it touches on moral rights and obligations. In this case, the right of privacy for Justin’s photographs Burchill had taken for her personal use, of which she has now agreed to give to the editor of The Sunday Topical. Secondly, there is the issue of copyright infringement and moral infringement; has the editor of The Sunday Topical infringed on Justin Timbersnake’s rights to the contents of Burchill’s book and photos? It is a fact that Burchill is the author of the book biography of Justin Timbersnake and the photographs she took of Justin while at his mansion. ... Justin Timbersnake should not sue The Sun Topical for serialising the book since they have not in any way infringed on his copyright since Burchill owns the authorship rights. However, Timbersnake can go ahead and sue Burchill for giving his private photos to The Sun Topical for public display. Likewise, as the facts of this case those outlined above are concerned; the relevant law to this case is the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, specifically in relation to authorship, ownership, infringements, moral rights and privacy. Based on the facts of the case, it is imperative that the issue of ownership of the book and of the photography needs to be established. It is also beneficial to determine whether, by allowing Burchill access to his personal diary, Justin Timbersnake’s granted or transferred his copyrights of the diary to Burchill. If there was an assignment or transfer of copyright ownership, it will be important to find out whether there is a written documentatio n signed by or on behalf of the assignor. Another issue that needs determining is the nature of relationship between Burchill and Justine Timbersnake with regards to both the photography and the book; was Burchill employed by Justin when she took the photographs? Or did Justin ask or commission her to write the book on his life? These questions help in determining the first owner of the copyright with regards to both the photographs and the book. In addition to solving the issue of copyright ownership and authorship, it is important that the issue of infringement is looked at. Determining whether liability exists is also important as is the issues of remedies in terms of damages and or criminal

Is our Education System Failing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Is our Education System Failing - Essay Example Research evidence seems to indicate the problem may be one of inappropriate measurement methods; however, a more detailed examination of American secondary schools indicates that although measurement methods might negatively affect our estimates about how much high schools are failing students, an underlying problem still exists and it needs to be corrected. This underlying problem with secondary schools is one that revolves around the concept of accountability, and a number of issues emerge from unaccountable schools. An important consideration to make when considering the success or failure of American secondary schools is the statistics involved with either side of the argument. A graduation rate is a good indicator of whether a specific school is successfully educating and preparing its students. Therefore, it is essential to see whether the statistical measurements of graduation are actually correct or not. Swanson (analyzes American graduation rates across the country, and offe rs a resource for better evaluating and measuring the graduation crisis. The analysis points to a clear role for public policy in improving the conditions and environmental circumstances in which American secondary schools operate. An important consequence of this is that â€Å"the findings here do tell us that there is a strong and very detrimental linkage between graduation rates and the environmental conditions that go along with factors like poverty and segregation† (Swanson, 2003, p. 35). Accordingly, the author of this report is convinced that incorrect concepts of graduation rates leads to incorrect views (and incorrect solutions) of the educational crisis. That is, by identifying the environmental circumstances surrounding failing schools, officials can be better prepared with â€Å"better knowledge† about how to fix the problem. However, ascribing poor graduation rates to environmental circumstances (such as poverty and segregation) is a point of view that mov es responsibility for failings away from the schools themselves. Swanson (2003) is suggesting that the only solutions to the graduation crisis can only come from successful interventions, which implies that internal changes to schools is not an effective strategy. But studies such as Chiang (2009) indicate that accountability pressure, which is defined as the â€Å"threat of sanctions on low-performing schools,† is not an effective tool when schools are able to manipulate the accountability system. Referencing claims like those made by Swanson (2003), Chiang (2009) argues that accountability systems within schools properly constructed and maintained make educational reforms more likely to generate test score gains. So, even if in fact American secondary schools are failing their students in terms of the students’ long-term benefits, improved accountability systems within schools will lessen the impact of environmental circumstances that decrease student performance. Fo r instance, in some cases, sanction threats prompted schools to increase spending on instructional technology, which improved student performance. Knowing that accountability is the best solution for making sure secondary schools do not fail their students, one might compare that result with additional studies where accountability is a problem

Questions and Answers on DNA and MRNA

Questions and Answers on DNA and MRNA Rumana Anam Q1. What is the full forms of the following: D.N.A Deoxyribonucleic (The Free Dictionary, 2015) MRNA Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (The Free Dictionary, 2015) TRNA Transfer Ribonucleic Acid (The Free Dictionary, 2015) Q2. Complete the following sentences The synthesis of mRNA from DNA is known as:- Transcription (The Free Dictionary, 2015) The synthesis of proteins from RNA is known as:- Protein Synthesis (The Free Dictionary, 2015) Q3. Explain the process of Protein Synthesis detailing the role of DNA, mRNA, tRNA and ribosomes. The process where individual cells make protein is called protein synthesis. DNA and all RNA are both involved in this process. RNA are made by enzymes in the cell’s nucleus which start the process of protein synthesis by way of unwinding the wanted section of the DNA. A copy of one side of the DNA is formed by the RNA, and then is sent to all the other areas of the cell to help to bring altogether the different amino acids that make up proteins. As proteins are synthesised by mechanical and chemical processes within the cells, this process is called protein synthesis. Within the nucleus when the strand of RNA has been made, it is called messenger RNA MRNA. Through opening in the nucleus called pores the MRNA exits the nucleus and goes into the larger area of the cell which is called cytoplasm. As soon as the MRNA leaves the nucleus, it is attracted to a structure called ribosome, which are the cells work station or factory for protein synthesis. Within this point only one sub unit of ribosome is present. Another strand of RNA called transfer RNA, TRNA are activated as the MRNA start to attach to the ribosome sub unit. The TRNA stand finds the correct place to bind to the MRNA, as soon as it finds the place; it binds itself to the MRNA, which on one end holding amino acid. As this happens the other sub unit of ribosome come to completely form a complete structure. Another strand of TRNA appears as the ribosome encircles the strand of RNA. This strand is different from the first strand as it is carrying another amino acid; again the TRNA finds the correct place to bind to the MRNA. With the amino acid as soon as the second strand of TRNA is placed, both of the amino acid joins together aided by the ribosome, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) with its cellular energy. As this pattern continues and repeats itself the chain of amino acid grows longer. As soon as all the amino acids have been placed in the correct sequence, a three-dimensional chain is made. O nce this has happened the protein is complete. When the proteins have been made the two sub-units of ribosome part to be joined later. In many ribosomes within the cell the process of protein synthesis take place there (Wisegeek, 2015). Q4.What is Point Mutation? Evaluate its effects. Point mutation is where there is a change within a gene, where one base pair in the DNA sequenced is changed or altered.Point mutation is most commonly the result of mistakes made during the DNA replication, however if DNA is exposed to x-rays and or ultraviolet radiations, this can also bring on point mutation. The two types of mutations are transition mutation and transversion mutation. Transition mutation happens when a pyrimidine base which is thymine (T) or cytosine (C) changes for another pyrimidine base, or it is when a purine base which is adenine (A) or guanine (G) changes for another purine base. Within a double stranded DNA each base is paired with a certain partner on the corresponding strand. A always pairs with T and C always pairs with G. For example a transition mutation is a GC base pair that swaps an AT base pair. However transversion mutation happens when a purine base changes for a pyrimidine base or the other way around i.e. when a TA or CG swaps for AT pair (Britannica, 2015). Point mutation can be put in three groups, nonsense mutation which is a code for a stop this can shorten the protein. Missense mutation which is a code for a different amino acid and silent mutation which is a code for the same or a different amino acid with no purposeful change in the protein itself. Missense mutation for example causes sickle cell disease, as the beta haemoglobin gene converts a GAG code into a GTG. This codes the amino acid valine instead of glutamic acid (Answers, 2015). The Effects of Point Mutation As all the cells within the body contain DNA therefore there are many places where point mutation can happen. However not all mutations are passed on to the offspring, these do not matter for evolution purposes. The mutations that matter for evolution purposes are those that can be passed on to the offspring, these happen in the reproductive cells eggs and sperm this type of mutation is called germ line mutation. There are three effects of germ line mutation:- No change happens in the phenotype, this is where there is no effect on the organism. This can happen in a part of the DNA strand where there is no function, or it can happen in a protein coding area but does not affect the amino acid sequence of the protein. Small changes happen in the phenotype, a single mutation can cause some cats ears to curl backwards. Significant changes happen in phenotype, this is where significant changes happen within the organism for example sickle cell disease. A single mutation can cause negative effects for the organism for example mutation that cause death, this is called lethal. Mutations are sometimes stereotyped as unimportant or the cause of genetic disease. While many mutations do have a negative effect, other mutations can have a small positive effect. Mutations that control genes can have a huge and sometimes positive effect. As some areas of the DNA control other genes, that decide when and where other genes are turned on, mutation in these parts can considerably change the way an organism is built. This can cause flow of effects in the behaviour of the genes under its control. Organisms have control genes that shape how the body is laid out i.e. the Hox gene is found in humans and animals. This gene sets out where the head goes and where limbs grow. These control gene build the bodies units i.e. limbs, head etc, therefore evolving a huge change in basic body lay out can be likely by a change in the Hox gene and natural selection (Understanding Evolution, 2015). Task 2 Q5. What is the probability of a couple having a boy or a girl? Male X Y Female X X XX = Girl XY= Boy The probability of a couple having a boy is 50%, the probability of a couple having a girl is 50%. Q6 What chromosomal abnormalities occur in the inheritance of Down’s syndrome Down syndrome is a result from trisomy 21, this is where the 21st chromosome has three chromosome and not the normal 2 chromosome. Therefore the individual will have 47 chromosomes and not the normal 46 chromosome. Down syndrome is cause by chromosomal abnormalities that happens randomly in the development stage of reproductive cells within a parent. This normally happens in the egg, but can sometimes happen in the sperm. The mistake in cell division results in a reproductive cell with abnormal number of chromosome, trisomy 21. This condition brings on intellectual disability, a characteristic facial appearance and weak muscle tone, all individual that are effected have cognitive delay (Genetics Home Reference, 2012). Q7. Explain inheritance of a sex-linked condition with a relevant example Hemophilia A and hemophilia B are both inherited sex linked traits, where they are inherited through the X linked recessive pattern. The genes that cause this condition are in the X chromosome, which is one half of the two sex chromosomes, the other being the Y chromosome. As males only have one X chromosome, one changed copy of the gene in the cell is enough to cause this condition. As females have two X chromosomes a mutation would have to have happened in both of the copies of the genes to cause this condition. This is very rare to happen in females as both copies of genes would have to have the same mutation happened to them. Therefore it is rare for females to have hemophilia. Fathers cannot pass on the inherited X linked condition to their sons as this is one of the characteristics of X linked inheritance. Females who have this X linked recessive condition have one mutated gene are called carriers. Female’s carriers have normally half the amount of coagulation factor whi ch is enough for blood clotting. Some female’s carriers have less than half of the normal amount of coagulation factor, these carriers are at risk for abnormal bleeding (About Education, 2015). Q8. Explain the inheritance of either cystic fibrosis or phenylketonuria Cystic fibrosis is a disorder that causes respiratory failure and vitamin deficiencies. Cystic fibrosis effects the secretion of the body i.e. saliva, mucus, sweat and digestive juices. As this secretion should be thin and watery, they are thick and sticky. This causes passageways to be clogged up within the body which causes damage to the pancreas and lungs. Cystic fibrosis is caused by inheriting defected gene from both parents, known as recessive gene. Cystic fibrous cannot be inherited by the off spring, if only one parent has the gene. If the off spring has only one defective gene then they are carriers of cystic fibrosis, this means that they will have the potential to pass on the defective gene to their off spring (eHow, 2015). The off spring labelled Ff are carriers, they have one defective gene but do not have the disorder themselves. In the diagram above both parents are carriers, they have one in four chances of producing an off spring that has cystic fibrosis (Bitesize, 2014). In the diagram above one parent is a carrier, while the other is not. They will not produce an off spring with cystic fibrosis, but are able to produce off springs that are carriers (Bitesize, 2014). Q9 Describe the process of genetic screening explaining the application of DNA recombinant technology in the treatment of a named medical condition.   Genetic testing is a medical test that can indicate any changes in the chromosomes, genes and proteins. The result of genetic testing can help to confirm or reject an alleged genetic condition, disease that the individual may have suspicion of, or help verify their chances of developing and or passing on a genetic disorder to their off spring. Some of the methods of genetic testing can be of these. Molecular genetic testing, this is where the medics study a single gene or short lengths of DNA to find defectiveness or mutation that may lead to a genetic disorder. Chromosomal genetic testing, this is where a whole chromosome and or long lengths of DNA to see if there are any sizable genetic changes i.e. extra copy of chromosome. Biochemical genetic testing, this is where the activity level or the amount of proteins are studied; any abnormalities that are detected can indicate genetic disorder (Genetic Home Reference, 2015). DNA recombinant technology, is a technology that produces DNA artificially. The DNA in living organism has been changed today due to this procedure. This procedure involves taking DNA from two difference sources and merging it together for it to become one single molecule. However this only works when the artificially created DNA has been reproduced, this is known as DNA cloning. The two types of cloning that DNA recombinant technology is used for are, therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning. The reproductive cloning produces an organism with the exact same genetic information from the one that already is living. This type of cloning has been done with Dolly the sheep. Dolly was the first mammal to be reproduced as a genetic copy. Therapeutic cloning, reproduces tissues and or organ and not the whole organism. Therapeutic cloning has a great deal of benefit, i.e. if an organ has cancer it can be replaced with one made from the individuals own DNA. This reduces any likely hood of organ rejection within the body when a tissue or organ transplant is preformed (Wisegeek, 2015). Q10 Discuss the moral and ethical issues raised by DNA recombinant technology Not everyone is in favour of DNA recombinant technology, as they feel that science is playing god by reproducing unnaturally organisms that are not meant to be. And that science is devaluing the uniqueness of life itself. Also that some DNA work involves destroying embryos, this angers some social activist as this death is bought on intently this could be classed as murder. However scientist, argue that the purpose of DNA recombinant technology is to benefit and save human life, and not to destroy it (Wisegeek, 2015). References The free Dictionary 2015, DNA, [online] available at http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/DNA, Last Accessed 18/05/15 The free Dictionary 2015, MRNA, [online] available at http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/mRNA, Last Accessed 18/05/15 The free Dictionary 2015, TRNA, [online] available at http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/tRNA, Last Accessed 18/05/15 WiseGeek 2015, What is Protein Synthesis, [online] available at http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-protein-synthesis.htm, Last accessed 19/05/15 Encyclopaedia Britannica 2015, Point Mutation, [online] available at http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/54744/point-mutation, Last accessed 19/05/15 Answers 2015, What is point mutation, [online] available at http://www.answers.com/Q/What_is_point_mutation, Last accessed 20/05/15 Understanding Evolution 2015, The effects of Mutation, [online] available at http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/mutations_05, Last accessed 20/05/15 Genetics Home Reference 2012, Down Syndrome, [online] available at http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/down-syndrome, Last accessed 20/05/15 About Education 2015, Sex linked traits, [online] available at http://biology.about.com/od/genetics/ss/sex-linked-traits.htm, Last accessed 23/05/15 eHow 2015, How is Cystic Fibrosis Inherited, [online] available at http://www.ehow.com/how-does_5049940_cystic-fibrosis-inherited.html, Last accessed 23/05/15 Bitesize 2014, Cystic Fibrosis, [online] available at http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa_pre_2011/celldivision/inheritance4.shtml, Last accessed 23/05/15 Genetic Home Reference 2015, What is genetic testing, [online] available at http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/testing/genetictesting, Last accessed 23/05/15 WiseGeek 2015, What is Recombinant DNA Technology, [online] available at http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-recombinant-dna-technology.htm, Last accessed 23/05/15

Dual Narration in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay examples --

Dual Narration in Heart of Darkness      Ã‚  Ã‚   Joseph Conrads novella Heart of Darkness not only dwells on interesting and thought provoking issues that relate to society today, it is also told in an interesting manner in the form of a "story within a story". This serves not only to show increased levels of mental development from all parties involved, that is Marlow, the frame narrator and the reader - but distances Conrad from the text in such a way that he can promote revolutionary issues without necessarilty being attached to them. The character of Marlow does just this - he is far from neutral and is employed by Conrad to position the reader by offering a double-dose of psychological development from Marlow, and the framed narrator. Perhaps the best way to comprehend Marlow's involvement is through an understanding of his journey through the four thematic stages of his travels. These are the darkness of the river which surrounds him (the Thames), the darkness within Kurtz, and with the city of Brussels, the impe niterable darkness within the Congo, and the darkness present within each individual. Through these aspects of the novella can we as readers comprehend the true value of Marlows character.    Initially, Marlow and his audience find themselves within the picturesque setting of the river thames in London. The frame narrators description of such a scene (paralleled to his final description) offer some of the only comment he gives throughout the novel. This is especially important for we as readersare able to comprehend his psychological journey (if not the other men in the boat) forwards, an enlightened state similar of that to Marlow. A "buddah preaching in European clothes". Most noteable however is the phenomin... ...rlow, and the frame narrators position as commentator, their journies - both physical and psychological, position the reader to such an extent that possibilities become infinitely clearer. The darkness evident initially, including the overpowered Kurtz and the gloom encompassing the stark nature of man underneath "ornaments" and "rags" are all portrayed in such scenes by the narrators. Futhermore Conrad envisages the reader being successfully positioned - recognising their own true heart of darkness - and that of the materialistic, possession driven "civilisation" they live in.       Bibliography    Conrad, J. (1995). Heart of Darkness. London: Penguin Group.    Kingsley, Widmer. Dictionary of Literary Biography: British Novelists 1890-1929. Tulsa: 1984    Hayes, Dorsha. "Heart of Darkness": An Aspect of the Shadow," Spring (1956)   

Electronic Medical Record Implementation: Costs and Benefits

Electronic Medical Record Implementation: Costs and Benefits Sheryl L. Venola Assignment 3 (24 July 2011) NURS 517 Intro to Health Care Financing Saint Xavier University Professor: Dr. Roger Green, DNP, MSN, BSN Abstract This paper discusses the adoption of an electronic medical record system purchased by Howard Regional Health System in Kokomo, Indiana; the rationale behind its timing and choice in expenditure; the ramifications of not implementing the system (e. g. recent health care legislation requirements); the benefits to the organization as well as to the patients it serves, and a cost effectiveness analysis. Additionally, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 is discussed including compliance mandates that will require eligible providers and health care institutions to meet electronic health technology implementation deadlines or face no compensation for their implementation as well as reductions in Medicare and Medicare reimbursements. Also included are discussions of the â€Å"meaningful use† guidelines established by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid and the differences between electronic medical records and electronic health records. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of electronic medical records are detailed. In response to the to changes in the health care delivery system as a result of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) signed into law in March of 2010, Howard Regional Health System (HRHS) has recently purchased the Cerner electronic medical record (EMR) system at a cost of $22,000,000. According to chief executive officer, James Alender, accountable care is the focus of this change in addition to stimulus money for electronic health record (EHR) system implementation, which could offset their initial expenditure by approximately $3,100,000 based on the volume of Medicare business the organization had in 2008 (Munsey, 2011). This monetary investment comes in the wake of health information technology implementation requirements set forth in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA). The Recovery Act specifies that eligible providers and hospitals with a fixed Medicare and Medicaid patient populations must adopt EHR systems by 2015 or face reduction in their compensation under these programs (Department of Health & Human Services [DHHS], 2009). Additionally, the act assigned funds to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) to assess existing EHR systems and to provide incentives for eligible providers and hospitals in implementing such systems. With continued funding and legislative measures affecting the organization’s financial future, the adoption of the Cerner system seems to be one of the most important steps in ensuring its financial security in the years to come. If hospital executives and the Board of Trustees were to ignore the requirements set forth in the AARA and ACA legislation, the institution would be in serious jeopardy of losing not only is share of federal funding, but its ability to participate in health care delivery on any level at all. This would signal their demise and would certainly affect the surrounding community as it is one of two hospitals in Kokomo, Indiana, and is the only health care organization of its size in this region of the state. The patients Howard Regional serves will benefit from electronic recording of their health and medical information in many ways. Alender states that Kokomo’s â€Å"snowbirds† should have access to their records so they can be as mobile as they are, suggesting that this will reduce health care costs by reducing duplication of tests, if treatment is obtained away from home. He goes on to assert that digital records will allow more efficient movement of patients through the system allowing seriously ill patients to move more quickly through the emergency department, and other acute care departments within the system. Additionally, if that same patient requires further care away from HRHS, the treating hospital would have access to the previous records so that work already completed is not repeated (Munsey, 2011). Their medical information could be updated with each visit rather than their having to â€Å"provide the same information over and over again (Gurley, 2003). † Gurley also agrees that because patients and providers are better informed through electronic record-keeping, there is less duplication of testing as well as enhanced treatment coordination among health care providers. Along with the patients, the hospital reaps many tangible and intangible benefits from EMR as well. The information in the electronic record is easily accessible to multiple clinicians at multiple locations at the same time, with nearly immediate retrieval time. For this reason, it is updated frequently and is available for access at any workstation whenever the information is required making time spent with patients more efficient (Gurley, 2003). According to Shi and Singh (2003, p. 65), one of the most important aspects of electronic records is the integration of specific patient profiles with clinical decision making tools built into the software which provide evidence-based practice reminders and guidelines for effective, efficient treatment. This type of alert system can result in reduction of medication errors and in appropriate treatment options, saving both the patient and the clinician from harm. The data analysis capability of the EMR can also be used to identify developmen ts among patient populations allowing for early intervention when indicated. It can also be utilized to identify areas in which the organization may need to expand or scale back depending on the trends the data indicates (Dolan, 2011). Having used the Cerner system in the past, this RN noted that with the clinical record being streamlined in such a way that narrative documentation was necessary only by exception, completing it required less time, which left more time for bedside care along with completion of educational requirements, which were also mostly computerized. Hence, the savings could be significant and provide for increased nurse satisfaction related to the ability to provide more actual patient care as well as complete proficiencies without having to stay after a shift or come in on a day off. As mentioned above, EMR can reduce duplication of services, assist in fast-tracking acutely ill patients, reduce the duplication of tests and services that aren’t medically necessary (e. g. the patient’s condition has not changed substantially), allow clinicians to spend less time on documentation possibly reducing overtime, each of which can result in cost savings for the institution. According to Randall T. Huling Jr. , MD, president of Olive Branch Family Medical Center in Olive Branch, Mississippi, since switching over to EMR in January of 2010, they have increased revenue by an estimated $650,000 with an annual cost reduction of more than $85,000. Additionally, they have been able to raise provider productivity by 10,000 visits, raise their fee collection percentage from 68 to 72 percent, and increase the charges per patient from $157 to $172 (Byers, 2010). Wang et al (2003) performed a five-year cost-benefit analysis using primary data from several internal medicine clinics, using their own internally developed EMR system, utilizing a health care organization perspective framework and a conventional paper-based medical record as the reference point. Costs of implementation were approximated to be $3,400 per provider in the first year and included redesign of workflow processes, extraction of data from paper charts, and training. Yearly maintenance cost, including system and network administration and additional technical support personnel, were estimated to be $1,500 per provider annually. The temporary loss of productivity resulting from the transition to an electronic from a paper system, was interpreted using a decreasing loss rate of 20% in month one, 10% in the second month, and 5% in the third, returning to baseline in the following months. With annual averages for provider revenues, this cost amounted to $11,200 in the first year. Although their five-year net benefit per provider was $86,400 and the â€Å"net financial return to a health care organization from using an ambulatory medical record system is positive across a wide range of assumptions (Wang, et al, 2003, p. 401),† the authors cautioned that several variables could affect the net revenues organizations could expect. The patient mix can affect revenues depending on the number of capitated versus fee-for-service patients served by the health care organization. With capitated arrangements, savings to the patient resulting from decreased use of utilization of services, revenues accrue to the provider. However, less utilization of services in fee-for service arrangements result in loss of revenue to the provider, but the payer (i. e. the insurer) saves in expenses. They did postulate that these insurers might provide incentives to providers using EHR realizing that their profits could be increased with more providers utilizing these systems, The study evaluated cost savings from drug suggestions and warnings provided by the EMR software, which aided in prescribing of formulary drugs and prevention of adverse drug events. However, the study was not able to evaluate the intangible cost savings from averted malpractice claims, injury to patients, or reduced quality of life of clients. Additional tangible and intangible savings that were not included due to unavailability of sufficient data were reductions in malpractice premium costs, decreased staffing needs, less paper charting-related storage and supply costs, increased provider productivity, generic drug substitutions, enhanced reimbursement resulting from proper coding, and reduced denials related to insufficient documentation of medical necessity (Wang et al, 3003 p. 402). Limitations of the study cited by the authors included the fact that the research model was centered on primary data from their institution, published literature estimates, and an expert opinion panel which they convened. They also conceded that EMR implementation might produce other costs, including greater system integration expense for larger institutions dependant on the complexity of the various system interfaces involved. Additionally, although effectiveness of electronic medical record interventions has been well-established in inpatient settings, there is less certainty of their effects in the outpatient environment. Other costs could be related to decreased or lost productivity during unexpected network or computer system downtime, reassignment of clinical staff, or redesign of the workflow process (Wang et al, 2003, p. 402). Obviously the above results are based on one study utilizing results from a group of ambulatory clinics making it difficult to extrapolate data to a hospital setting even when that hospital has significant outpatient programs. Indeed, Thompson and Fleming (2008) pose questions regarding the uality and quantity of data found in existing literature, suggesting that health care institutions be cautious in their information sources in order to be better informed in the EMR decision-making process. The authors state that amount of comprehensive studies are lacking requiring hospitals to obtain more sources containing information they are seeking and rigorously compare data so that they can better extrapolate the results to their individual organizations (Thompson & Fleming, 2008 ). They also caution using staff time savings as a factor unless that variable is given a value and that it is used to actually cut costs. For example, if an average of 30 minutes per staff member is realized in utilization of the EMR, how will that impact staffing? Will staffing needs be reduced allowing for fewer staff members per shift, resulting in actual cost reductions? If staff are able to complete other duties that would have required use of overtime or coming in on days off, this would also decrease expenditures. However, the authors point out that staff members are often allowed to perform other tasks that don’t result in salary reductions, although this is implicit when staff time saving related to EMR is discussed (Thompson & Fleming, 2008). It is obvious that the decision to adopt an electronic medical record is not an easy one to make given all the variables discussed previously, but the information presented thus far has not taken into account the more recent changes produced by health care reform. These changes are discussed in the following paragraphs. The American Reinvestment and Recovery Act provides incentives for eligible providers (EP) and health care organizations (i. e. those who serve a defined percentage of Medicare and Medicaid recipients) for the implementation of EHR. The use on EMR and EHR are have often been used interchangeably, but they are not the same. An electronic medical record is the legal record of the care a patient receives from a health care provider or institution during their encounter with either entity. The electronic health record belongs to the patient and encompasses the entirety of their care across all providers within a community, region or state (Garets & Davis, 2006, pp. 2-3). For the purposes of reimbursement, however, providers must use a certified EHR (EHR Incentives, p. ). The recovery Act has appropriated $140,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2015, with an additional $65,000,000 for 2016 to be used for administrative funding. Funds are to be made available until completely utilized. â€Å"In coordination with the Office of the National Coordinator (ONC) for Health Information Technology, CMS will develop the policies, such as the definition of ‘meaningful use,’ needed to implement the incen tive program (DHHS, 2009). In addition, it will be necessary to provide education to eligible participants to facilitate their understanding of all the conditions and guidelines regarding their eligibility, the selection of Medicare or Medicaid incentive programs, the incentive payments, and the demonstration of â€Å"meaningful use. † Recovery Act reporting compliance will require guidance to individual states, which will involve Federal and State staff time and require modification of accounting and payment data reporting systems (DHHS, 2009). When the aforementioned requirements were set forth by the DHHS in 2009, the meaningful use guidelines had not yet been established. Following is a link to the summary overview for meaningful use objectives of EHR* (Blumenthal & Tavenner, 2010) as it currently stands, which outlines the steps individual providers and health care institutions (hospitals, ambulatory care centers, clinics, et al) must take in order to receive stimulus funds for the costs associated with implementing electronic health systems (EHR). The initial payments will be made beginning in 2011 depending on each state’s timing in adoption of the Medicare and Medicaid programs. For hospitals, the calculation is based on the volume of Medicare and or Medicaid patients served, but the baseline payment is $2,000,000. Each program is separate, but EPs and institutions can apply for one or both programs, however if they choose only one program, they cannot later add the other, so it benefits them to choose both at the outset since they can drop out of either one at any time (EHR Incentives). Given the stakes of not participating, providers should work diligently to eet all the requirements set forth in order to maximize the return on investment they should obtain in simply adopting EHR. The incentives offered will merely help them realize those return sooner rather than later. Finally, given the state of internet security and the government’s desire to push providers toward electronic data capture, it is only natur al that there would be concerns regarding EMR and EHR technology. Advantages of EHR over paper records include an expansive storage capability, availability of the data from many access points at the same time, and nearly immediate retrieval time (Gurley, 2003). The paper record is fragmented and depending on the charts used (e. g. some tend to fly open when dropped, causing paper to be scattered), pieces of the record can be lost. Additionally, when a patient is hospitalized more than once, their old chart must be retrieved in order to provide continuity of care. Electronic systems bypass this and allow clinicians to obtain information from previous visits much more quickly allowing the patient to have a streamlined entry to and exit from the system. Electronic health records also have built-in medical alerts and reminders allowing providers to be notified of abnormal lab results, potential drug interactions, and timing of tests required for monitoring blood levels associated with certain conditions or as a side effect of medications. It can also provide evidence-based practice plans for certain diseases and disorders facilitating the provider’s choices in judging the right path in caring for each patient. The electronic software allows the clinician to capture information enabling them to provide payers with the outcome based criteria they require in reimbursing the physician. Finally, EHR provides a major step in ensuring patient safety by clearly written order entry by physicians avoiding the mistakes that can occur with handwritten orders when those entries are illegible (Gurley, 2003). The major disadvantage of EHR adoption appears to be the costs associated with implementing them. According to Kent Gale, start-up costs could range from between four and five million dollars for a smaller (200-bed) hospital to $100,000,000 for an organization with three hospitals. He went on to tate that a typical 400-bed facility with a more extensive EHR would likely spend between $20,000,000 and $30,000,000 (Byers 2010). Also, unless one is technologically-savvy, there can be considerable learning needs on the part of physicians and staff. In these cases, it is much better to have systems that are more intuitive and user-friendly in order to get everyone onboard. As previously mentioned, privacy concerns are at the forefront in people’s minds where electronic documentation is concerned. Security measures must be ever-evolving in order to meet the challenge and audits of access to medical data must be done to ascertain the appropriateness of information access. Paper records have also had the potential for unauthorized access without the knowledge of the patient or provider and these invasions of privacy are much harder to detect (Gurley, 2003). Essentially, the electronic record has its advantages and disadvantages, but with all the benefits they can provide to patients, providers, insurance companies, as well as the government in collection of statistics, it appears to be the best choice for all concerned. With a great deal of effort and constant vigilance, electronic health records can provide for safer, more cost efficient care, and conserve resources for use in other areas that are currently lacking. I believe that in the end, Howard Regional’s decision to adopt EHR will result in huge savings and increased revenues that will benefit not only the organization, but the communities they serve. References Blumenthal, D. , & Tavenner, M. (2010, August 5). The â€Å"Meaningful Use† Regulation for Electronic Health Records. New England Journal of Medicine, 363, 501-504. Retrieved from http://ww. nejm. rg/doi/full/10. 1056/NEJMp1006114? ssource=hcrc Byers, J. (2010, November). EMR implementation: One day at a time. CMIO: Information, Evidence & Effectiveness in Medicine, Digital. CMIO. net, 10-12. Retrieved from http://d27vj430nutdmd. cloudfront. net/5165/51383/51383. pdf Department of Health and Human Services Report (2009). Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services: Medicare and Medicaid Incentives and Administrative Funding. Retrieved from http://www. hhs. gov/recovery/reports/plans/hit_implementation. pdf Dolan, P. L. (2011, May 2). Electronic medical records: What your data can tell you. American Medical Association: American Medical News. Retrieved from http://www. ama-assn. org/amednews. EHR Incentives: Eligibility. (n. d. ). Retrieved July 18, 2011, from Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services website: https://www. cms. gov/pf/printpage. asp? ref=http://www. cms. gov/ehhttps://www. cms. gov/pf/printpage. asp? ref=http://www. cms. gov/ehhttps://www. cms. gov/pf/printpage. asp? ref=http://www. cms. gov/EHRIncentivePrograms/15_Eligibility. asprincentiveprograms/01_Overview. asprincentiveprograms/01_Overview. asp Garets, D. , & Davis, M. (2006, January 26). Electronic Medical Records vs. Electronic Health Records: Yes there is a difference [White Paper]. Retrieved from A HIMSS AnalyticsTM website: http://www. himssanalytics. org/ Gurley L. (2003). Advantages and Disadvantages of the Electronic Medical Record. American Academy of Medical Administrators, 2004. Retrieved from http://www. aameda. org/MemberServices/Exec/Articles/spg04/Gurley%20article. pdf Munsey, P. (2011, March 26). Howard Regional up to the challenge. Kokomo Perspective. com. Retrieved from http://www. kokomoperspective. com Shi, L, & Singh, D. A. (2008). Delivering health care in America: A systems approach. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Thompson, D. L. , & Fleming, N. S. (2008, July). Finding the ROI in EMRs. Healthcare Financial Manager, 62(7), 76-81. Retrieved from http://www. hfma. org/publications/hfm-Magazine/hfm-Magazine Wang, S. J. , Middleton, B. , Prosser, L. A. , Bardon, C. G. , Spurr, C. D. , Carchildi, P. J. , †¦ Bates, D. W. (2003, April 1). A cost benefit analysis of electronic medical records in primary care. American Journal of Medicine, 114(5), 397-403. Retrieved from http://www. amjmed. com/article/S0002-9343(03)00057-3/fulltext